How to Create and Use Hashes in Ruby

Arrays are not the only way to manage collections of variables in Ruby. Another type of collection of variables is the hash, also called an associative array. A hash is like an array in that its a variable that stores other variables. However, a hash is unlike an array in that the stored variables are not stored in any particular order, and they are retrieved with a key instead of by their position in the collection. Create a Hash With Key/Value Pairs A hash is useful to store what are called key/value pairs. A key/value pair has an identifier to signify which variable of the hash you want to access and a variable to store in that position in the hash. For example, a teacher might store a students grades in a hash. Bobs grade would be accessed in a hash by the key Bob and the variable stored at that location would be Bobs grade. A hash variable can be created the same way as an array variable. The simplest method is to create an empty hash object and fill it with key/value pairs. Note that the index operator is used, but the students name is used instead of a number.​​ Remember that hashes are unordered, meaning there is no defined beginning or end as there is in an array. So, you cannot append to a hash. Values are simply inserted into the hash using the index operator. #!/usr/bin/env rubygrades Hash.newgrades[Bob] 82grades[Jim] 94grades[Billy] 58puts grades[Jim] Hash Literals Just like arrays, hashes can be created with hash literals. Hash literals use the curly braces instead of square brackets and the key value pairs are joined by . For example, a hash with a single key/value pair of Bob/84 would look like this: { Bob 84 }. Additional key/value pairs can be added to the hash literal by separating them with commas. In the following example, a hash is created with the grades for a number of students. #!/usr/bin/env rubygrades { Bob 82,Jim 94,Billy 58}puts grades[Jim] Accessing Variables in the Hash There may be times when you must access each variable in the hash. You can still loop over the variables in the hash using the each loop, though it wont work the same way as using the each loop with array variables. Because a hash is unordered, the order in which each will loop over the key/value pairs may not be the same as the order in which you inserted them. In this example, a hash of grades will be looped over and printed. #!/usr/bin/env rubygrades { Bob 82,Jim 94,Billy 58}grades.each do|name,grade|puts #{name}: #{grade}end

The Manager Omnipotent or Symbolic - 865 Words

CHAPTER SUMMARY – CHAPTER 3 The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic âÅ"“ Contrast the actions of managers according to the omnipotent and symbolic views. âÅ"“ Explain the parameters of managerial discretion. According to the omnipotent view, managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure. However, the symbolic view argues that much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside managers’ control. The parameters of managerial discretion (see Exhibit 3-1) include the organization’s culture and the environment in which the organization exists. However, these parameters don’t totally constrain a manager; managers can and do influence their culture and environment. The†¦show more content†¦The impact of a strong culture on managers is that as the culture becomes stronger, it has an increasing impact on what managers do and constrains their decision-making options as they plan, organize, lead, and control. An organization’s culture and general way of doing things are largely the result of what it has done before and how successful it has been doing things that way. The original source of the culture usually reflects the vision or mission of the organization’s founders. (See Exhibit 3-5.) Culture is transmitted to employees through stories (narratives of significant events or people); rituals (repetitive sequences of activities); material symbols (objects, facilities, and other aspects of the physical work environment); and language (special and unique terms, acronyms, and jargon). These elements help employees â€Å"learn† what values and behaviors are important as well as who exemplifies those values. Culture affec ts how managers plan, organize, lead, and control. (See Exhibit 3-6.) Current Organizational Culture Issues Facing Managers âÅ"“ Describe the characteristics of an ethical culture, an innovative culture, and a customer-responsive culture. âÅ"“ Explain why workplace spirituality seems to be an important concern. âÅ"“ Describe the characteristics of a spiritual organization. A culture that is most likely to shape high ethical standards isShow MoreRelatedThe Omnipotent View of Management1331 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Summary The  omnipotent view  of management says that managers are directly responsible for the success or failure of an organization. This is a dominate view in management theory and society in general. The symbolic view of management takes the view much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside the manager’ control. 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In the symbolic view of management, managers are seen as directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure. (False; easy; pp. 58-59) 2. The current dominant assumption in management theory suggests that managers are omnipotent. (True; moderate; p. 58) 3. The view of managers as omnipotent is consistent with the stereotypical picture of the take-charge business executiveRead MoreFriendship1725 Words   |  7 Pagespositively towards the community. These principles would also lead the top  management to embrace diversity as an essential component. Q2) Do you think Howard Schultz views his role more from the omnipotent or from the symbolic perspective? Explain. Answer: The Role of Schultz in Starbucks was more  of an â€Å"Omnipotent† One because he was the one who lead the  organization towards its goals. He was directly responsible for the major  decisions making. His vision and ideas clearly reflect what Starbucks workingRead MoreManagement and the Body Shop1476 Words   |  6 Pages1976 an inexperienced Anita Roddick got tired of unsubstantiated Management and The Body Shop claims of the cosmetics industry that their products couldnt deliver. She decided to make a decision that would change her life forever. Anita became a manager of her own small business in Brighton England. Selling the natural secrets found throughout the world; learned from extensive travel while employed as a teacher with the U.N., she created a cottage industry of exotic personal body care products. Read More Management And The Body Shop Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pages1976 an inexperienced Anita Roddick got tired of unsubstantiated Management and The Body Shop claims of the cosmetics industry that their products couldnt deliver. She decided to make a decision that would change her life forever. Anita became a manager of her own small business in Brighton England. Selling the natural secrets found throughout the world; learned from extensive travel while employed as a teacher with the U.N., she created a cottage industry of exotic personal body care products. Read MoreManagement Theory and Practice: Reading Assessment1519 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Management Theory Practice Chapters 1 2 Reading Assessment 1) A ________ is an example of a first-line manager. A) division manager B) store manager C) regional manager D) shift manager 2) ________ have titles such as executive vice president, chief operating officer, and chief executive officer. A) Team leaders B) Middle managers C) First-line managers D) Top managers 3) ________ involves ensuring that work activities are completed efficiently and effectively by the people responsibleRead MoreLeaders Like Martin Luther King, Jr.1149 Words   |  5 Pagesarose in the civil rights movement as a beacon of change, equality and eventually for peace. The power of the charismatic leader is often defined by how the followers perceive and act. Researchers believe that the leader possesses a great amount of symbolic power in which the followers not only identify with, but also develop strong emotional attachments. This emotional attachment can be so strong that the followers have often perceived the charismatic leader as a savior (Conger Kanungo, 1987). Read MoreWhy Managers Are Responsible For Success1709 Words   |  7 PagesWithin the 21st century, managers have become a formidable presence in essentially any organisation’s day-to-day operations, often wielding tremendous influence and power. Seeing that managers possess such incisive authority, many believe that managers can therefore be significantly instrumental in cultivating success. Managers, in the main, are responsible for such accomplishments. However due to consistent changes within the socio-economic, cultural, technological and political environments, others Read MoreFactors That Have Been Used By Managers2556 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction There are many theories and strategies that managers used to achieve business success. The strategy research and ‘practical’ models assumes that organizations are able to adapt to their environment. However that is not necessarily the case as there are many examples of mainstream approach that has been criticised for not taking into account how environments can also constrain individuals and organisations. Mainstream approach such as organizational ecology and institutional theory is

The Definition Of The Word Hero As A Man Admired For His...

Merriam-Webster lists the definition for the word hero as â€Å"A man admired for his achievements and noble qualities†. This definition is a perfect portrait former United States president Ronald Reagan. During his presidency, Reagan showed that he was this man through his patriotism, family values and faith in God, achieving economic prosperity and peace and stability during international turmoil. Explaining why he is one of America’s most revered presidents to date. Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 to parents John ‘Jack’ and Nelle Reagan along with older brother Neil in the small Midwest town of Tampico, Illinois. His father a shoe salesman and his mother a homemaker, the family often struggled to make ends meet. Throughout Ronald’s childhood, his family never once owned a home but instead uprooted, bumping from rental to rental often – an experience that proved very formative for young Ronald. Over time, Jack turned to alc ohol as a means of coping with the pressures of these short-comings. Constant moving and instability created a void in young, impressionable Ronald – an empty space that over time religion came to fill. Looking for an answer, he looked to his mother (a devout Christian herself), his heart and his feelings of loneliness all pointing him in the direction of living a life of faith. God became a very integral part of his every day, always present and the foundation of his new found stability in an a less than perfect upbringing. Despite hisShow MoreRelatedThe Aeneid And The Hero1103 Words   |  5 Pages The protagonist of the Aeneid and known hero to many, Aeneas, was a man of many virtues. His courage and obedience towards the Roman gods are clearly shown all throughout the book, as well as his passion for justice. When he leaves his lover, Dido, at the bidding of the gods, he shows obedience even when it went against his own will. 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Showing courage and noble qualities can be taken to mean many things, the most perfect definition I believe is a person who stands up for what they believe and puts the right course of action before themselves to help the greater good. A man who demonstrates heroic qualities is the Egyptian President An war al-Sadat, the man responsible for creating peaceRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces2252 Words   |  10 Pagesan American mythologist, writer and lecture. I am instructed by a lot of his thoughts when thinking about myth stories. As Dr. Joseph Campbell pointed out in his theory of the monomyth, all the myths that have withstood the test of time for thousands of years are based on a similar foundation. This foundation is explored in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces where he describes the theory in this quote â€Å"A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural

Menschenschreck Analysis Essay Example For Students

Menschenschreck Analysis Essay If the international financiers in and outside Europe should succeed inplunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not bethe Bolshevizing of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but theannihilation of the Jewish race in Europe. Adolf Hitler- Jan 30, 1939When the Nazi party came to power in January of 1933, it almostimmediately began to take hostile measures toward the Jewish people. Thegovernment passed special legislation that excluded Jews from the protectionof German law. The property of Jews was then legally seized, andconcentration camps were set up in which Jews were executed, tortured, orcondemned to slave labor. The Nazis organized sporadic and local massacreswhich occurred in a nationwide program in 1938. After the outbreak of WorldWar II anti-Semitic activity increased dramatically. By the end of the war,millions of Jews and others targeted by the Nazis, had been killed in theHolocaust. The Jewish dead numbered more than 5 million: about 3 mil lion inkilling centers and other camps, 1.4 million in shooting operations, and morethan 600,000 in Polish ghettos. Who were the men that carried out theseterrible murders? One would think them to be savage killers speciallyselected for their history of brutality and violence. But, in fact, thesemen were typically normal middle-aged business men. How could theseordinary men be influenced in such a way to allow them to commit suchatrocities? The governmental policies, pressures of comrades and individualbehaviors helped to transform these men into the mass murderers of EuropeanJews that they soon became. The government and the military were very important to the transformation ofthese men. The men of the battalions were often told how the German race wasthe greatest on earth. Their commanding officers continually reminded themthat as Germans they had to be strong and ruthless. They were told toproject an image of superiority and not to show any mercy on the inferiorJewish race. Anti-Semitism was practiced throughout the government andmilitary. One policy the government continually reinforced was that that theJews were not even humans. The Jews were often referred to as wild animalsand given no respect.Some commanders of the Order Police encouragedshooting blindly into the ghettos to try to shoot down Jews for sport. Company recreation rooms were commonly decorated with racist slogans andvictory celebrations were often held when large numbers of Jews were killed. The military units held weekly class in which they taught ideologicalpropaganda that would use literature such as pamphlets entitled SS Man andThe Question of Blood and The Politics of Race. These classes furtheredthe idea that the Jews were nothing but a troublesome inferior race. Theywere taught how to kill their victims so that they would die quickly andsuffer little. The government also issued such laws as the Barbarossa decreewhich gave the order police a varitable shooting license against theRussians. The Order police were told that they were in a war against the Jewsand the Bolsheviks and they should proceed ruthlessly against the Jews. The Order police should be proud to be participating in the defeat of theworld enemy, Bolshevism. The soldiers were continually reminded of how thewomen and children in Germany were being bombed and how the Jews instigatedthe American boycott which was destroying Germanys economy. If the soldierswere searching career advancement in the Police force. If this was the case,orders are orders, and the soldier would comply with the orders of theirsuperiors. Through these ideas presented by the institutions of governmentand military the Order Police became a strong killing machine. .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 , .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 .postImageUrl , .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 , .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06:hover , .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06:visited , .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06:active { border:0!important; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06:active , .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06 .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua6f37b1265b014bc60d4b7047d6bfc06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Common Themes In Short Stories EssayThe comrades of an individual soldier had a profound influence on thetransformation from normal citizen to murderer. Although this influence mayhave been unintentional it was still a major factor. Peer pressures abitch. The pressure to conform to the job at hand was great in these smalltightly knit battalions. By not shooting, an individual would not be doinghis part in an already unpleasant task. Stepping out would make the rest ofthe battalion believe that the soldier thought himself to be too good forsuch tasks. The mission had to be accomplished with or without him. Policemen who did not shoot were often isolated, rejected and ostracized bytheir comrades. The policemen had nowhere else to turn for mental supportand societal contact besides his comrades. He would not want to jeopardizethis over the simple matter of killing mere wild animals. Another way themen in the battalions were able to kill the Jews was that they were suppliedwith rations of alcohol. They were drunk for many of the killings.One ofthe soldiers was quoted as saying Most of the other comrades drank so muchsolely because of the many shootings of the Jews, for such a life was quiteintolerable sober. The individuals personal justifications helped to change the behavior of thesoldiers. Many of the soldiers tried to prove to themselves that what theywere doing was right. They justified their actions with such comments asThey are destroying Germany. It soon became policy for the policemen tokill the Jews. It was a daily ritual for the Police to slaughter thousandsof Jews everyday. They genuinely thought that they were helping the world byrelieving it of the waste of society, the Jews. By the end of the war the soldiers of the Order Police had become masskillers of the European Jews. The Order Police had effectively dehumanizedthe Jews and for many of the soldiers murder was daily practice. In fact,some of the soldiers came to enjoy it. They would try and come up with anyexcuse to beat or shoot a Jew. Some of the soldiers would set their watchesahead so as to beat Jews out after the curfew. They would also rip the Starof David off the Jews clothing and then beat the Jew for not weari ng it. Thekilling of jews became so routine that it was oftenly refered to as OurDaily Bread by some of the more eager killers. The Government and military, comrades and personal justifications placedupon the Order Police of World War Two turned them into the largest massmurders of all time. In total approximatly six million jews were masacuredby these so-called ordinary men.